Frustration

Functions of Frustration
 
• increase self-understanding
• increase coping ability
• make objectives clear
• increase level of tolerance
Major Sources of Frustration
 
• Environmental frustration
• Physical obstacles
• Social obstacles

Personal Factors

• Individuals' own deficiencies or limitation
• Setting goals beyond one's ability
Conflict between Motives
 
• Approach-Approach conflict
• Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
• Approach-Avoidance conflict
• Double (multiple) Approach-Avoidance conflict

Methods to alleviate frustration

            Direct Coping

• Preparing against harm and taking active action
• Aggression
• Avoidance
• Inaction or Apathy

• Symptom directed mode
• Intrapsyhic mode

1. 否認現實 ( Denial of reality)
2. 壓抑 ( Repression)
3. 合理化 (Rationalization)
4. 投射 (Projection)
5. 轉移 (Displacement)
6. 倒退 (Regression)

• Inference of defense mechanisms
• Limitation
• Contribution